Yo-Yo Physics
You are given the yo-yo in the figure that has an axle of radius $R_0$, an outer radius $R$, and a radius of gyration $k$. There is a very thin string wound around its axle having negligible mass. The yo-yo is released with one end of the string is fixed, What is the acceleration of the yo-yo on the vertical? (use Lagrangian formulation)

$L=T-U$ where $T$ is kinetic energy and $U$ is potential energy
If we chose x the general coordinate (distance of falling) then
$T=T_{rotation}+T_{translation}=(Iω^2)/2+(m v^2)/2=I/(2(R_0)^2 )*(x^2 ) ̇+m/2*(x^2) ̇$
where
$x ̇=dx/dt(=v=ωR_0)$
$U=+mgh=-mgx$
In this equation $x$ is the falling distance. Thus (up until a constant) the Lagrangian is
$L(x,x ̇,t)=(I/(2R_0^2 )+m/2)*(x^2 ) ̇+mgx$
The associated Euler-Lagrange equation (said differently the equation of motion) is
$(d/dt) (∂L/(∂x ̇ )=∂L/∂x$
$(d/dt) [(I/(R_0^2 )+m) x ̇ ]=mg$
$a=x ̈=frac{mg}{m+I/(R_0^2 )}=frac{mg}{(m+(k^2 mR^2)/(R_0^2 )}=frac{g}{1+(kR/R_0 )^2} $
Because the definition of radius of gyration k is: $I=m(kR)^2$